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I would like to know what exactly the NAND reprogrammers do? My understanding is that the content of the NAND is encrypted, yet there are working (e.g. featured on ipadrehab stream) NAND reprogrammers that allow to fix the data corruption on the NAND chip. How is it possible despite the encryption? Is there some starting point where the machine will accept as a clean drive, that does not require private keys?

The NAND programmers don’t read the data, only the “metadata”, if you will, such as SN#, country, color, Bluetooth address, WIFI address. When you repair a NAND, you are essentially formatting the NAND and re-writing the metadata.